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什么是非谓语动词?在一个句子中怎么判断非谓语动词?

什么是非谓语动词?在一个句子中怎么判断非谓语动词?

在句子中充当除谓语以外的各种句子成分的动词形式,叫做非谓语动词(the Non-Finite Verbs)。非谓语动词也是动词的一种,他们有着动词的其他特点,可以充当主语、宾语、状语、宾语补足语等。非谓语动词与谓语动词是相对的概念。

句子的成分一般由主语、谓语、表语、宾语、定语,状语等构成。谓语一般要有动词担任,非谓语动词是不能独立担任谓语的。 但可以担任句子的其他成分:

(1).动词不定式可担任主语,宾语,表语,宾补,定语,状语等。

(2.)动名词可担任主语,表语,宾语,定语等。

(3).现在分词和过去分词可担任定语,表语,宾补,状语等。

例如: He came here to ask for his bike.他来这里要他的自行车。

分析句子成分: he(代词)做 主语, came(动词)做 谓语, here(副词)做状语,to ask for his bike(动词不等式短语肢芦哗)做目的状语。

例如:Hearing the news, he began to cry.

分析句子成分: hearing the news(非谓语动词)现在分词短语做状语,he 代词做主语,began 动词做谓语,to cry (非谓语动词)动词不等式做宾语。

(一)动词不定式:(to)+do,具有名词、形容词、副词的特征.

不定式的形式:否定式:not + (to) do 

一般式:不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生历行在谓语动词动作之后,

例如:

I'm glad to meet you.

He seems to know a lot. 

进行式:不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生,例如: 

The boy pretended to be working hard. 

He seems to be reading in his room. 

完成式:不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前,例如:

I regretted to have told a lie.

I happened to have seen the film.

He is pleased to have met his friend. 

(二)动名词: 动名词既具有动词的一些特征,又具有名词的句法功能.

动名词的形式: 否定式:not + 动名词

一般式:

Seeing is believing. 眼见为实.

被动式:

He came to the party without being invited.他未被邀请就来到了晚会.

完成式:

We remembered having seen the film. 我们记得看过这部电影.

完成被动式:

He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old.

他忘记五岁时曾被带到广州去过.

否定式:not + 动名词

I regret not following his advice. 我后悔没听他的劝告.

复合结构:物主代词(或名词所有格)+ 动名词

He suggested our trying it once again. 他建议我们再试一次.

His not knowing English troubled him a lot.

他不懂英语给他带来许多麻烦.

(三)现在分词:

现在分词既具有动词的一些特征,又具有形容词和副词的句法功能.

现在分词的形式: 否定式:not + 现在分词 

现在分词的主动语态:现在分词主动语态哗弯的一般式表示与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,完成 式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生,常作状语.例如:

They went to the park, singing and talking. 他们边唱边说向公园走去.

Having done his homework, he played basket-ball. 做完作业,他开始打篮球.

现在分词的被动语态:一般式表示与谓语动词同时发生的被动的动作,完成式表示发生在谓语动 词之前的被动的动作.

The problem being discussed is very important. 正在被讨论的问题很重要.

Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake.

被告诉了好几遍,这个淘气的孩子又犯了同一个错误.

(四)过去分词:

过去分词只有一种形式:规则动词由动词原形加词尾-ed构成.不规则动词的过去分词没有统一的规则要求,要一一记住.

过去分词的句法功能: 

过去分词作定语:

Our class went on an organized trip last Monday. 上周一我们班开展了一次有组织的旅行.

Those elected as committee members will attend the meeting. 当选为委员的人将出席这次会.

注意当过去分词是单词时,一般用于名词前,如果是过去分词短语,就放在名词的后面.过去分词做定语相当于一个被动语态的定语从句.

过去分词作表语:

The window is broken. 窗户破了.

They were frightened at the sad sight. 他们对眼前悲惨的景象感到很害怕.

注意:be + 过去分词,如果表示状态是系表结构,如果表示被动的动作是被动语态.区别:

The window is broken.(系表)

The window was broken by the boy.(被动)

有些过去分词是不及物动词构成的,不表示被动,只表示完成.如:

boiled water(开水) fallen leaves(落叶)

newly arrived goods(新到的货) the risen sun(升起的太阳)

the changed world(变了的世界)

这类过去分词有:gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等.

过去分词作宾语补足语:

I heard the song sung several times last week.

上周我听见这首歌被唱了好几次.

有时过去分词做with短语中的宾语补足语:

With the work done, they went out to play. 工作做完了,他们出去玩去了.

过去分词作状语:

Praised by the neighbours, he became the pride of his parents.

受到邻居们的表扬,他成为父母的骄傲.(表示原因)

Once seen, it can never be forgotten.

一旦它被看见,人们就忘不了.(表示时间)

Given more time, I'll be able to do it better.

如果给予更多的时间,我能做得更好.(表示条件)

Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy.

虽然被告之有危险,他仍然冒生命危险去救那个孩子.(表示让步)

Filled with hopes and fears, he entered the cave. 心中充满了希望与恐惧,他走进山洞.